Primary Supervisor – Dr. Anders Bergstrom

Scientific background

The red squirrel in Britain is one of the most famous examples of population decline. It has suffered greatly since the introduction of the invasive gray squirrel in the late 1800s, but even before that it was suffering from hunting and deforestation. However, since the late 1700s, people have tried to counter this decline by introducing new red squirrels from continental Europe, representing an unusually long-term attempt at genetic rescue. How all of this affects the genetic makeup, fitness, and lineage of squirrels is poorly understood.

This project will study the checkered history of the red squirrel in Britain using historical DNA, which promises to add a whole new layer of understanding to the species’ history. By directly tracking the genetic diversity of the red squirrel over the past few hundred years, the project has two goals: 1) to provide general insights into the genetics of population decline and rescue, broadly applicable across organisms. 2) To reconstruct the specific history of the widely beloved red squirrel, which may inform future conservation efforts.

Research methodology

The project will sequence complete genomes from the few remaining British red squirrel populations, and continental reference populations. It will use historical DNA techniques to sequence the genomes of British squirrels in museum collections, to directly analyze how genetic diversity, inbreeding and genetic load have changed over time, and assess the effects that numerous introductions have already had on squirrel populations. The project will also examine the extent to which the original origins of British squirrels persist to the present day, to test the hypothesis that numerous introductions have led to a complete loss of original origins and local genetic adaptations (“genetic swamp”).

an exercise

The student will gain broad training in molecular biology, historical DNA, genomics, bioinformatics, and population genetics. The student will participate in journal clubs and seminars held by departments, present his work at conferences, and develop critical thinking and scholarly communication skills.

Person specifications

The ideal candidate will have a background in biological sciences (e.g. genetics, molecular biology, zoology, evolution, ancient DNA), and have strong interests in genomics, wet lab work, and evolution.

Entry requirements

At least a UK BA (Hons) equivalency of 2:1. English language requirements (Faculty of Science equivalent: IELTS 6.5 overall, 6 in each category).

Acceptable first degree: Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Zoology, Evolution, Ancient DNA, Archaeology.

Study method

Full time

Start date

October 1, 2026

Financing information

ARIES Scholarships are governed by UKRITerms and Conditions. Successful candidates who meet UKRI’s eligibility criteria will be awarded a fully-funded scholarship, which covers fees, a maintenance stipend (£20,780 per annum for 2025/26) and a Research Training and Support Grant (RTSG). A limited number of scholarships are available to international applicants, with the difference between ‘national’ and ‘international’ fees waived by the registered university. However, please note that ARIES funding does not cover additional costs associated with moving to and living in the UK, such as visa costs or additional health fees.