Latest Job Opportunities in India
Discover top job listings and career opportunities across India. Stay updated with the latest openings in IT, government, and more.
Check Out Jobs!Read More
✨ Graphic letters, concentrations, translation and languages
revealed
03:50
October 25, 2024
If you are not aware of the quotation.
This part of the series on postgresql and translation, and how to use it without tears. This is an introduction to the general concepts of war materials, the characteristics of letters, groups, and languages.
Graphic
There (as always in things that include real human behavior) some controversy about what Gylph is and otherwise, but as a preliminary approximation, we can use this definition:
These are all warships:
A z 4 ü
Symbols are also warships:
^ @ ! ‰
Some things are both:
∏
Capital π is a math symbol and a letter from the Greek alphabet. Of course, most Greek messages are also sports symbols.
Graphic letters also include characters from other non -alphabet languages:
這些都是繁體中文的字形
ᎣᏍᏓ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ
The graphic letters include symbols that are not the components of traditional language at all:
🏈 🐓 🔠 🛑
In the precise sense of the word, there is a distinction between the “Apostle Grace” and “Grapheme”. The “official Messenger” is the same mark, which can be different depending on the letter, weight, etc. In this definition, this is the same “Lower-Case Latin A) but the various graphics letters:
However, everything includes letters in computing that calls the basic units “graphic letters” instead of “graphics”, so this is the term you will see here.
The graphic letters are compatible with what most programmers think in a character as a personality, and the terms are somewhat substitute, with Some exceptions To talk about it in future articles.
Crafts of letters
We need computers to be able to understand graphic letters. This means that we need to convert thermal drawings into numbers. (The number that represents Al -Haloub is that the official Messenger Icon))
So, we have a Trying letters. Trying the letters is the Bidrephyal maps between a group of graphic letters and a set of numbers. For programmers, it may be the most knowledgeable character coding AsciiWhich set a limited (very) group of 95 of the war numbers to 7 bits. (There are symbols Even older From Ascii.) Some Ascii songs include:
A ↔ 65 (0x41)
a ↔ 97 (0x61)
* ↔ 42 (0x2A)
Ascii was present for a long time (it achieved its modern shape in 1967). It contains some great features: If the Ascii symbol represents a speech in the upper state, it can be converted into a small letter that matches code + 0x20And return to the upper state with code - 0x20. If the Ascii symbol is a phrase code - 0x30.
(You will hear the phrase “Ascii 7 bit”. This, in the strict sense of the word, excessive.
Ascii has huge restrictions: it was designed to represent the characters that appeared at a model computer station in English in 1967, which means that it lacks the animation of the vast majority of languages in the world (even the English language! ïFor example, it is commonly used in the English language, as it is é).
It became clear immediately that ASCII will not cut it as a character all over the world. Various languages began to develop their own letter codes, some of which depend on ASCII symbols that exceed 127, some of which are on the newly invented letters that took more than one by 8 bits to represent it. Paying chaos.
Unikud
In an attempt to present a kind of coding to the encryption of characters, an effort began in the late eighties to create a global encryption that includes all the Messenger of all languages. This was an ambitious aspect! In 1991, and Unicod Federation It was formed, and the first version of the Unicode was published in October 1991.
Unicode icon points are 32 -bit, organized in “symbol aircraft”. “The basic multi -language level”, which contains most Graphic letters for most Live languages, they have a 16 -bit at zero, but the unicode icon points can be often in real life, greater than 65,535.
So, is unicod “encryption of a letter”? Well, yes and no. It plans the graphic letters to the software points and return again, so it is considered as a coding letter in this sense. But unicode does not deliberately determine how to store the code designated inside the computer.
To learn how to store code points already inside the computer, we need to talk about it Unicode Format Forms.
UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.
A UNICOD’s transformation format (UTF) is a way to codify the Unicode 32 -bit icon. (Yes, we are drawing coding. Computers are great!)
The simplest UTF is UTF-32: We only take four byte per point Unicode, that is. It is simple and does not require anything special to decipher the encryption (well, barely), But this means that we take four byte for each lap. Given that a large percentage of time, computers deal with ASCII characters, we only made our characters chains four times larger. Nobody wants it.
Therefore, UTF-8 and UTF-16 were invented, and it was one of the most intelligent inventions ever. Rules for both:
- Consider the Unicode icon point as 32 -bit.
- If it is 25 bits (for UTF-8) or 17-bit (for UTF-16) zero, then the coding is only 7 bits (for UTF-8) or 15 bits (for UTF), coding a cable or two byte 8 bits.
- If none of the top 25/17 is zero, the code point is divided into multiple Series (UTF-8) or 2B (UTF-16) based on some Smart rulesand
One of the very nice features of Unicode is that any icon point where the upper 25 bits are zero is the same point as the ASCII symbol for the same symbolic Apostle, so the encrypted text in Ascii is also Cod at UTF-8 with no other treatment.
UTF-8 is the preferred overwhelming for unicode coding.
One of the negative aspects of the UTF-8 is that the “letter” in the traditional sense is no longer fixed, so you can not only calculate the guns to know the number of letters in the series. Its programming languages Struggle with this For years, although the situation appears to be calm recently.
In order to process the UTF-8 feature, the code must know that it gets UTF-8. If you have seen ugly things like ‚Äù On the web page where a “ You should be, you have seen what happens when UTF-8 is not properly explained.
Groups
Computers must compare personal chains. From this simple condition, no end of pain has passed.
A collision It is just a job that takes two chains (that is, the sequences of graphic letters were represented as symbol points), and it says whether they are less than or not equal, or greater than each other:
F (string1, string2) → (<، = ،>))
The problem, as always, is humans. Various languages have different rules for chains of requests that must appear in them, even if the same graphic letters are used. Although there was some Heroic attempts To determine the rules of arrangement that extend the languages of languages and languages and the way they are written to be very emotional issues related to the feelings of culture and national pride (“The language is a tone with an army and a freedom“).
There are many groups. The groups are inherently linked to the encryption of a specific letter, but one letter coding can have many different groups. For example, only on my laptop, Have UTF-8 53 Various groups.
language
On the systems compatible with POSIX (which includes Linux and *BSD), groups are part of a package called A. language. The language includes several different interest functions; They are usually:
- Prepare numbers format
- Trying letters
- Some relevant tool functions (such as how to convert between cases in coding).
- Preparing the date time format
- Arrange the series for use
- Currency format preparation
- Prepare the size of the paper
Languages contain POSIX systems that look:
fr_BE.UTF-8
fr It determines Langau (French), BE It determines the “region” (Belgium, so we are talking about the French Belgian), and UTF-8 It is a personality encryption. From this, we can determine that the letter chains are encrypted as UTF-8, and the rules of arrangement are the rules of the French Belgian.
If there is only one letter coding for a certain set of language and lands, you will sometimes see the written place without coding, such as fr_BE.
There is one language (with two different names) which is a great exception to the rules, and an important group:
J or POSIX
the C Language (also called POSIX) The rules are used by the C/C ++ language standard. This means that the system has no opinion on the coding of strings, and the matter is due to the programmer to follow. (This is really true in any language, but in C Language, the system does not even provide a hint regarding coding for its use or expectation) This works wonderfully on ASCII, and it is meaningless (even for equality!) On UTF-8 or UTF-16. For jobs, such as converting the condition, which needs to know the encryption of a letter, the Catum Caturt uses the Ascii grammar, which is completely wrong and most other codes.
Postgresql also provides a file C.UTF-8 Language, which is a special case in a special case. We will talk about it in a future batch.
Introduction to the site
Languages are really just a package of software instructions and data, so they should come from a place so that the system can use it. Code libraries that contain places Junction. There are two important types (in addition to another one closely related to postgresql).
(G) LIBC
libc It is the library that is implementing the C -Corporation (and many other things) on POSIX systems. Where 99 % of programs get POSIX systems topical information from. Various distributions of Linux and *BSD systems have different groups of places that are provided as part of the basic system, and others that can be installed in optional packages. You will usually see libc like glibcWhich is Free software Foundation GNU Project A copy of LIBC.
Intensive care unit
the International components of UNICOD It is a set of libraries of Unicode to provide your own to deal with Unicode. The intensive care unit includes a large number of jobs, including a large group of languages. One of the most important tools provided by the intensive care unit is an application Unicode collection algorithmWhich provides an essential arrangement algorithm that can be used in multiple languages.
(Full detection: The work that has eventually became the intensive care unit in studentWhere I was a network engineer. It is undoubtedly the most useful thing I have ever produced.)
Built postgresql provider
In version 17, postgresql provided a guaranteed provider. We will talk about it in a future batch.
What next?
in The next batchWe will talk about how to use PostGRESQL all this, and why it really led to some terrible situations.
👉 Read more at: Read Now
Hashtags: #Graphic #letters #concentrations #translation #languages
Authored by Xof on 2024-10-25 16:20:00
Via postgresql when it's not your job
🔥 Graphic letters, concentrations, translation and languages
shared
03:50
October 25, 2024
If you are not aware of the quotation.
This part of the series on postgresql and translation, and how to use it without tears. This is an introduction to the general concepts of war materials, the characteristics of letters, groups, and languages.
Graphic
There (as always in things that include real human behavior) some controversy about what Gylph is and otherwise, but as a preliminary approximation, we can use this definition:
These are all warships:
A z 4 ü
Symbols are also warships:
^ @ ! ‰
Some things are both:
∏
Capital π is a math symbol and a letter from the Greek alphabet. Of course, most Greek messages are also sports symbols.
Graphic letters also include characters from other non -alphabet languages:
這些都是繁體中文的字形
ᎣᏍᏓ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ
The graphic letters include symbols that are not the components of traditional language at all:
🏈 🐓 🔠 🛑
In the precise sense of the word, there is a distinction between the “Apostle Grace” and “Grapheme”. The “official Messenger” is the same mark, which can be different depending on the letter, weight, etc. In this definition, this is the same “Lower-Case Latin A) but the various graphics letters:
However, everything includes letters in computing that calls the basic units “graphic letters” instead of “graphics”, so this is the term you will see here.
The graphic letters are compatible with what most programmers think in a character as a personality, and the terms are somewhat substitute, with Some exceptions To talk about it in future articles.
Crafts of letters
We need computers to be able to understand graphic letters. This means that we need to convert thermal drawings into numbers. (The number that represents Al -Haloub is that the official Messenger Icon))
So, we have a Trying letters. Trying the letters is the Bidrephyal maps between a group of graphic letters and a set of numbers. For programmers, it may be the most knowledgeable character coding AsciiWhich set a limited (very) group of 95 of the war numbers to 7 bits. (There are symbols Even older From Ascii.) Some Ascii songs include:
A ↔ 65 (0x41)
a ↔ 97 (0x61)
* ↔ 42 (0x2A)
Ascii was present for a long time (it achieved its modern shape in 1967). It contains some great features: If the Ascii symbol represents a speech in the upper state, it can be converted into a small letter that matches code + 0x20And return to the upper state with code - 0x20. If the Ascii symbol is a phrase code - 0x30.
(You will hear the phrase “Ascii 7 bit”. This, in the strict sense of the word, excessive.
Ascii has huge restrictions: it was designed to represent the characters that appeared at a model computer station in English in 1967, which means that it lacks the animation of the vast majority of languages in the world (even the English language! ïFor example, it is commonly used in the English language, as it is é).
It became clear immediately that ASCII will not cut it as a character all over the world. Various languages began to develop their own letter codes, some of which depend on ASCII symbols that exceed 127, some of which are on the newly invented letters that took more than one by 8 bits to represent it. Paying chaos.
Unikud
In an attempt to present a kind of coding to the encryption of characters, an effort began in the late eighties to create a global encryption that includes all the Messenger of all languages. This was an ambitious aspect! In 1991, and Unicod Federation It was formed, and the first version of the Unicode was published in October 1991.
Unicode icon points are 32 -bit, organized in “symbol aircraft”. “The basic multi -language level”, which contains most Graphic letters for most Live languages, they have a 16 -bit at zero, but the unicode icon points can be often in real life, greater than 65,535.
So, is unicod “encryption of a letter”? Well, yes and no. It plans the graphic letters to the software points and return again, so it is considered as a coding letter in this sense. But unicode does not deliberately determine how to store the code designated inside the computer.
To learn how to store code points already inside the computer, we need to talk about it Unicode Format Forms.
UTF-8, UTF-16, etc.
A UNICOD’s transformation format (UTF) is a way to codify the Unicode 32 -bit icon. (Yes, we are drawing coding. Computers are great!)
The simplest UTF is UTF-32: We only take four byte per point Unicode, that is. It is simple and does not require anything special to decipher the encryption (well, barely), But this means that we take four byte for each lap. Given that a large percentage of time, computers deal with ASCII characters, we only made our characters chains four times larger. Nobody wants it.
Therefore, UTF-8 and UTF-16 were invented, and it was one of the most intelligent inventions ever. Rules for both:
- Consider the Unicode icon point as 32 -bit.
- If it is 25 bits (for UTF-8) or 17-bit (for UTF-16) zero, then the coding is only 7 bits (for UTF-8) or 15 bits (for UTF), coding a cable or two byte 8 bits.
- If none of the top 25/17 is zero, the code point is divided into multiple Series (UTF-8) or 2B (UTF-16) based on some Smart rulesand
One of the very nice features of Unicode is that any icon point where the upper 25 bits are zero is the same point as the ASCII symbol for the same symbolic Apostle, so the encrypted text in Ascii is also Cod at UTF-8 with no other treatment.
UTF-8 is the preferred overwhelming for unicode coding.
One of the negative aspects of the UTF-8 is that the “letter” in the traditional sense is no longer fixed, so you can not only calculate the guns to know the number of letters in the series. Its programming languages Struggle with this For years, although the situation appears to be calm recently.
In order to process the UTF-8 feature, the code must know that it gets UTF-8. If you have seen ugly things like ‚Äù On the web page where a “ You should be, you have seen what happens when UTF-8 is not properly explained.
Groups
Computers must compare personal chains. From this simple condition, no end of pain has passed.
A collision It is just a job that takes two chains (that is, the sequences of graphic letters were represented as symbol points), and it says whether they are less than or not equal, or greater than each other:
F (string1, string2) → (<، = ،>))
The problem, as always, is humans. Various languages have different rules for chains of requests that must appear in them, even if the same graphic letters are used. Although there was some Heroic attempts To determine the rules of arrangement that extend the languages of languages and languages and the way they are written to be very emotional issues related to the feelings of culture and national pride (“The language is a tone with an army and a freedom“).
There are many groups. The groups are inherently linked to the encryption of a specific letter, but one letter coding can have many different groups. For example, only on my laptop, Have UTF-8 53 Various groups.
language
On the systems compatible with POSIX (which includes Linux and *BSD), groups are part of a package called A. language. The language includes several different interest functions; They are usually:
- Prepare numbers format
- Trying letters
- Some relevant tool functions (such as how to convert between cases in coding).
- Preparing the date time format
- Arrange the series for use
- Currency format preparation
- Prepare the size of the paper
Languages contain POSIX systems that look:
fr_BE.UTF-8
fr It determines Langau (French), BE It determines the “region” (Belgium, so we are talking about the French Belgian), and UTF-8 It is a personality encryption. From this, we can determine that the letter chains are encrypted as UTF-8, and the rules of arrangement are the rules of the French Belgian.
If there is only one letter coding for a certain set of language and lands, you will sometimes see the written place without coding, such as fr_BE.
There is one language (with two different names) which is a great exception to the rules, and an important group:
J or POSIX
the C Language (also called POSIX) The rules are used by the C/C ++ language standard. This means that the system has no opinion on the coding of strings, and the matter is due to the programmer to follow. (This is really true in any language, but in C Language, the system does not even provide a hint regarding coding for its use or expectation) This works wonderfully on ASCII, and it is meaningless (even for equality!) On UTF-8 or UTF-16. For jobs, such as converting the condition, which needs to know the encryption of a letter, the Catum Caturt uses the Ascii grammar, which is completely wrong and most other codes.
Postgresql also provides a file C.UTF-8 Language, which is a special case in a special case. We will talk about it in a future batch.
Introduction to the site
Languages are really just a package of software instructions and data, so they should come from a place so that the system can use it. Code libraries that contain places Junction. There are two important types (in addition to another one closely related to postgresql).
(G) LIBC
libc It is the library that is implementing the C -Corporation (and many other things) on POSIX systems. Where 99 % of programs get POSIX systems topical information from. Various distributions of Linux and *BSD systems have different groups of places that are provided as part of the basic system, and others that can be installed in optional packages. You will usually see libc like glibcWhich is Free software Foundation GNU Project A copy of LIBC.
Intensive care unit
the International components of UNICOD It is a set of libraries of Unicode to provide your own to deal with Unicode. The intensive care unit includes a large number of jobs, including a large group of languages. One of the most important tools provided by the intensive care unit is an application Unicode collection algorithmWhich provides an essential arrangement algorithm that can be used in multiple languages.
(Full detection: The work that has eventually became the intensive care unit in studentWhere I was a network engineer. It is undoubtedly the most useful thing I have ever produced.)
Built postgresql provider
In version 17, postgresql provided a guaranteed provider. We will talk about it in a future batch.
What next?
in The next batchWe will talk about how to use PostGRESQL all this, and why it really led to some terrible situations.
📌 Read more at: Full Article
Explore more: #Graphic #letters #concentrations #translation #languages
📰 Published by Xof on 2024-10-25 16:20:00
Via postgresql when it's not your job
